Bone defects can arise from trauma, tumour removal, and infection. Surgery that deliberately creates a gap, such as an osteotomy, is another source. Bone will bridge a small gap on its own. Beyond a certain size, it will not, and the defect needs to be filled with something that new bone can grow into.
The reference standard is the patient's own bone, usually taken from the iliac crest. It works because it brings three things at once. Living cells that form bone. Proteins that signal other cells to do the same. A mineral scaffold for both to work on. The cost is a second operation at the donor site, with its own pain and complications, and a limited supply. Donated human bone avoids the second wound but carries a small transmission risk and is less biologically active.
Synthetic substitutes exist to sidestep both problems. They can be made in any quantity required and involve no donor site. When the material is genuinely synthetic, there is no disease-transmission concern. They provide only the third element: a scaffold. Bone grows along the surface and through the pores. The material resorbs as that happens. Ideally, the two rates match. Too fast and the scaffold disappears before bone replaces it. Too slow and the material remains as a permanent inclusion. Porosity, pore size and material chemistry govern all of this. None of them appears on the sheet supplied.
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