Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the most common and serious heart conditions worldwide. It develops when the coronary arteries—responsible for supplying oxygen-rich blood to the heart—become narrowed or blocked. Over time, this reduces blood flow, weakens heart function, and increases the risk of heart attack. Understanding the causes, symptoms, and diagnostic methods is essential for early detection and treatment.
1. What Is Coronary Artery Disease?
Coronary artery disease occurs when plaque buildup (fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances) accumulates on the inner walls of coronary arteries. This process, known as atherosclerosis, gradually hardens and narrows the arteries.
When the narrowing becomes severe, the heart muscle receives less oxygen. This can cause chest pain, shortness of breath, or—in severe cases—complete blockage leading to a heart attack.
2. Causes and Risk Factors
Several factors increase the risk of developing CAD:
- High LDL cholesterol
- High blood pressure
- Smoking and tobacco use
- Diabetes or insulin resistance
- Obesity and sedentary lifestyle
- Family history of heart disease
- Chronic stress
- Unhealthy diet (high in fats, sugars, and salt)
- Age (risk increases after 45 for men, 55 for women)
These factors contribute to plaque formation and inflammation in blood vessels.
3. Common Symptoms of CAD
Symptoms may vary depending on the severity of blockage:
- Chest pain or discomfort (angina)
- Shortness of breath
- Fatigue during exertion
- Pain in arms, neck, jaw, or back
- Heart palpitations
- Nausea or sweating during episodes
Some people have silent CAD, showing no symptoms until a heart attack occurs.
4. How Coronary Artery Disease Is Diagnosed
Doctors use a combination of medical history, physical exams, and diagnostic tests to identify CAD.
a) Electrocardiogram (ECG)
A simple test that records the electrical activity of the heart. It helps detect abnormal rhythms and signs of previous or ongoing heart attacks.
b) Echocardiogram
An ultrasound that shows how well the heart chambers and valves are functioning. It helps detect reduced blood flow or weakened heart muscle.
c) Stress Test
Assesses how the heart performs during physical activity. It can reveal reduced blood flow to parts of the heart.
d) Coronary CT Angiography (CCTA)
A non-invasive scan that visualizes plaque, narrowing, or blockages in coronary arteries.
e) Coronary Angiography (Cardiac Catheterization)
The gold-standard diagnostic test. A dye is injected into coronary arteries, and real-time X-rays identify the exact location and severity of blockages.
f) Blood Tests
Lipid profile and other markers help measure cholesterol and inflammation associated with CAD.
5. Why Early Diagnosis Matters
Early detection of CAD helps prevent complications such as:
- Heart attack
- Heart failure
- Sudden cardiac arrest
- Arrhythmias
- Reduced quality of life
Timely diagnosis enables lifestyle modification, medication, and—if needed—procedures such as angioplasty or bypass surgery.
Conclusion
Coronary artery disease is a progressive and potentially life-threatening condition, but early diagnosis and management make a significant difference. Recognizing symptoms, understanding risk factors, and undergoing appropriate tests can help protect heart health and reduce long-term complications.
Disclaimer
This article is for informational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. If you experience chest pain or symptoms of heart disease, seek immediate medical care.
